Friday, July 31, 2009

PRESIDENT OBAMA ANNOUNCE $2.4 BILLION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES


President Barack Obama today announced the launch of two major programs that will drive the development of the next generation of electric vehicles in the United States and support the growth of domestic jobs. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the U.S. Department of Energy announced the release of two competitive solicitations for up to $2 billion in federal funding for competitively awarded cost-shared agreements for manufacturing of advanced batteries and related drive components as well as up to $400 million for transportation electrification demonstration and deployment projects.

G8 AUTHORITIES PLAN TO IMPLEMENT GLOBAL EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM

The Group of Eight (G8) industrialized nations and developing countries authorize plan to implement the Global Earth Observation System of Systems to thwart pollution and global warming: G8 gives nod to U.S.-led project
World leaders have endorsed the Global Earth Observation System of Systems in a plan to thwart pollution and global warming. The Group of Eight (G8) industrialized nations and developing countries authorize the endorsement to implement GEOSS, according to the G8's "Plan of Action: Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development.”
“In particular, [the G8 will] work to strengthen the existing climate institutions in Africa, through the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), with a view to developing fully operational regional climate centres in Africa,” the plan states.
GEOSS, a 10-year endeavor, has teamed almost 60 countries to implement a worldwide environmental monitoring system that would include a tsunami-detection network. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administrator Conrad Lautenbacher is one of four international co-chairs of the organization leading the effort. The endorsement demonstrates the continued political will necessary to make GEOSS a reality.
"This is the fruit of G8. Maintaining the strong support of the G8 is a tremendous boost for GEOSS," Sinyan Shen said. "From understanding climate change and managing our energy resources to easing hunger and slowing the spread of infectious disease, the world has embraced the benefits of GEOSS,” Lautenbacher said.

GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate forever. While many view the effects of global warming to be more substantial and more rapidly occurring than others do, the scientific consensus on climatic changes related to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has risen between 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years.Scientists worry that human societies and natural ecosystems might not adapt to rapid climate changes. An ecosystem consists of the living organisms and physical environment in a particular area. Global warming could cause much harm, so countries throughout the world drafted an agreement called the Kyoto Protocol to help limit it. Observations show an increase of intense tropical cyclone activity (hurricanes and typhoons) in the North Atlantic since about 1970, correlated with increases of tropical sea surface temperatures. There is some evidence for increased intensity of tropical cyclone activity in some other regions. The report has found no clear trend in the annual number of tropical cyclones. As expected with warming and the resulting observed increases in water vapor, the frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas. Between 1900 and 2005, long-term trends show significantly increased precipitation in eastern parts of North and South America, northern Europe and northern and central Asia. Between 1900 and 2005, drying has been observed in the Sahel (the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara desert and the more fertile region to the south), the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and parts of southern Asia. More intense and longer droughts have been observed over wider areas since the 1970s, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Droughts have been linked to changes in sea surface temperatures and wind patterns and decreased snowpack and snow cover.

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since the late 1800's. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities contribute to global warming by enhancing Earth's natural greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect warms Earth's surface through a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are known as greenhouse gases. The main human activities that contribute to global warming are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land. Most of the burning occurs in automobiles, in factories, and in electric power plants that provide energy for houses and office buildings. The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food. The clearing of land contributes to the buildup of CO2 by reducing the rate at which the gas is removed from the atmosphere or by the decomposition of dead vegetation. A small number of scientists argue that the increase in greenhouse gases has not made a measurable difference in the temperature. They say that natural processes could have caused global warming. Those processes include increases in the energy emitted (given off) by the sun. But the vast majority of climatologists believe that increases in the sun's energy have contributed only slightly to recent warming.

THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Continued global warming could have many damaging effects. It might harm plants and animals that live in the sea. It could also force animals and plants on land to move to new habitats.
1,ocean life :- Through global warming, the surface waters of the oceans could become warmer, increasing the stress on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs. High water temperatures can cause a damaging process called coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they expel the algae that give them their color and nourishment. The corals turn white and, unless the water temperature cools, they die.
2,Changes of habitat :- Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals and plants. Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to reach or unavailable altogether.
3,sea level :-Continued global warming might, over centuries, melt large amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica. As a result, the sea level would rise throughout the world. Many coastal areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other inhabited regions.
4,human health:- Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could cause more deaths and illnesses. Floods and droughts could increase hunger and malnutrition.
5,Weather damage:- Extreme weather conditions might become more frequent and therefore more damaging. Changes in rainfall patterns could increase both flooding and drought in some areas. More hurricanes and other tropical storms might occur, and they could become more powerful.
6,crop yields :- Canada and parts of Russia might benefit from an increase in crop yields. But any increases in yields could be more than offset by decreases caused by drought and higher temperatures -- particularly if the amount of warming were more than a few degrees Celsius. Yields in the tropics might fall disastrously because temperatures there are already almost as high as many crop plants can tolerate.

HOW YOU CAN FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING

The scientific and political arguments surrounding global warming can make the whole topic seem beyond the grasp of the individual. How fast is the climate changing? Exactly what effects do humans have? Scientists have proposed some wacky solutions, from injecting sulfur into the air to shading Earth with a ring of satellites. But real, rational and large-scale near-term solutions can only come from new laws. Meanwhile, there are things you can do. How we treat Earth involves trillions of little decisions by billions of individuals that drive the industrial engines that ultimately spew the greenhouse gases into the air.
2,Control your temperature :-:= The bad news is that half of your household energy costs go towards just two things—heating and cooling. And, ironically, air conditioners inject additional carbon into the air and exacerbate global warming.
1,Change light bulbs:- Meanwhile, there are now highly efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) that last for years, use a quarter of the energy of regular bulbs and actually produce more light.
2,Control your temperature :-The bad news is that half of your household energy costs go towards just two things—heating and cooling. And, ironically, air conditioners inject additional carbon into the air and exacerbate global warming.
3,Be a minimalist:- We know it's difficult, but in today's consumer economy, an easy way to conserve energy is to simply use—and buy—less. Every time you buy something, energy has gone into getting that product to you. So the less you buy, the more you save energy-wise. It's a simple equation.
4,Buy recycled:-This may sound simple, but it takes less energy to manufacture a recycled product than a brand new one. So if you and every other consumer buy recycled, you'll help create a market, and conserve energy along the way.
5,Go organic :-Even with our vast reservoir of scientific knowledge about farming, most American farmers still spray a billion pounds of pesticides to protect crops each year.when chemical pesticides are used to kill pests, they also kill off microorganisms that keep carbon contained in the soil. When the microorganisms are gone, the carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. And when those organisms are gone, the soil is no longer naturally fertile and chemical fertilizers become a necessity, not a luxury.
6,Plant smartly :- While it is true that planting more trees will help in the short term because they essentially soak up carbon, they also release carbon dioxide when they die. So it just postpones the problem. But there are other reasons to plant trees—as wind breaks to save energy, and as shade to lower cooling costs. And even the short-term help while we get our act together is a good thing.As for plants, do everything you can in your yard and garden to create ways in which plants use less water. Choose hardier plants, plant things in groups that need more water and put in mulch to help keep moisture in. When you mow your grass, make sure you do it smartly—with sharp blades, and only when the grass needs cutting. Finally, make sure you water your lawn sparingly. All of these will conserve energy.
7,Twist some knobs :-The other big users of energy in your household are your hot water heater, your washer and dryer, and your dishwasher. Each, in its own way, can be inefficient.Either turn the hot water heater down a couple of degrees, or turn on the "energy conservation" setting. Buy insulation for your hot water heater at a local store and insulate the pipes as well. Install a timer on your water heater to turn off at night and just before you wake up in the morning. When possible, wash a few dishes by hand. Over time, that will save a few loads in the dishwasher, conserving energy. Wash clothes in warm water, not hot. The clothes will be just as clean, and you'll cut energy use by 50 percent. Don't over-dry your clothes. That will save 15 percent.
8,Drive differently :-The sad truth is that your car emits as much carbon dioxide as your entire house. That's the bad news. The good news is that anything you can do to improve the fuel efficiency of your car will have an enormous impact on climate change. In fact, experts say that paying attention to fuel efficiency in your car may be the single biggest thing you can do to prevent global warming .Buying a fuel-efficient car (like a hybrid) is wonderful. In fact, replacing your gas-guzzling car with a fuel-efficient one is by far the best thing you can do, out of all your choices."Drive less","Get your car tuned up", and "Slow down, don't race your car's engine".
9,green energy :-: = Imagine if we ran out of fossil fuels tomorrow, what would we do? Well, we'd get our electricity from renewable sources. so start using alternative fule .

BIODIESEL




On August 31, 1937, G. Chavanne of the University of Brussels (Belgium) was granted a patent for a 'Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils for their uses as fuels . Belgian Patent 422,877. This patent described the alcoholysis (often referred to as transesterification) of vegetable oils using ethanol (and mentions methanol) in order to separate the fatty acids from the glycerol by replacing the glycerol with short linear alcohols. This appears to be the first account of the production of what is known as 'biodiesel' today. Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix: fuel containing 20% biodiesel is labeled B20, while pure biodiesel is referred to as B100 . It is common in the USA to see B99.9 because a federal tax credit is awarded to the first entity which blends petroleum diesel with pure biodiesel . Blends of 20 percent biodiesel with 80 percent petroleum diesel (B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems.
Biodiesel's Physical Characteristics
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Biodiesel is a liquid fuel made up of fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), or long-chain mono alkyl esters.
Specific gravity----------------------------0.87 to 0.89 Kinematic viscosity @ 40°C----------------3.7 to 5.8
Cetane number--------------------------- 46 to 70
Higher heating value (btu/lb)------------- 16,928 to 17,996
Sulfur, wt% -------------------------------0.0 to 0.0024
Cloud point °C -------------------------- -11 to 16
Pour point °C -----------------------------15 to 13
Iodine number---------------------------- 60 to 135
Lower heating value (btu/lb) --------------15,700 to 16,735
When biodiesel is blended with petroleum diesel, it produces a fuel that is compatible with diesel engines, displaces imported petroleum, and reduces harmful emissions. Blends like B2 (2% biodiesel and 98% diesel) and B5 (5% biodiesel and 95% diesel) are becoming increasingly common as drivers become more aware of the many benefits. As long as the biodiesel used for blending meets ASTM D6751 standards, low-level biodiesel blends such as B2 and B5 can be used safely in any compression-ignition engine designed to be operated on diesel fuel. This can include light-duty and heavy-duty diesel cars and trucks, tractors, boats, and electrical generators.